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class="month">三月</span> </div> </div> <div class="main-content-wrapper clearfix" data-id="1130"> <div class="it-featured-image" data-id="1130"> <a href="//www.sh7s.com/2021/03/why-companies-net-zero-emissions-pledges-should-trigger-a-healthy-dose-of-skepticism/" data-id="1131"> <img sizes="(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" srcset="//www.sh7s.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/panels_PX.jpg 825w, //www.sh7s.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/panels_PX-156x104.jpg 156w, //www.sh7s.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/panels_PX-150x100.jpg 150w, //www.sh7s.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/panels_PX-768x511.jpg 768w" loading="lazy" alt="" class="index-thumbnail wp-post-image" src="//www.sh7s.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/panels_PX.jpg" height="549" width="825" data-id="1135"/> </a> </div> <div class="entry-header clearfix" data-id="1130"> <h1 class="entry-title">为什么公司 ’ ‘net-zero’排放承诺应引发健康的怀疑剂量 </h1> </div> <div class="entry-content clearfix" data-id="1130"> <div id="posts_date_custom" data-id="1130">2021年3月25日<hr> </div><p><strong><a href="//theconversation.com/profiles/oliver-miltenberger-797703" data-id="1131">由Oliver Miltenberger.</a>, <em><a href="//theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722" data-id="1131">墨尔本大学</a></em> 和 <a href="//theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-d-potts-1215756" data-id="1131">马修D. Potts.</a>, </strong><em><a href="//theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-california-berkeley-754" data-id="1131"><strong>加州大学，伯克利</strong></a> </em></p> <p><a href="//sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action" data-id="1131">数以百计的公司</a>，包括主要发射商喜欢 <a href="//www.united.com/ual/en/us/fly/company/global-citizenship/environment/100-percent-green.html" data-id="1131">美国联合航空公司</a>, <a href="//www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bernard-looney-announces-new-ambition-for-bp.html" data-id="1131">BP. </a> 和 <a href="//www.shell.com/media/news-and-media-releases/2021/shell-accelerates-drive-for-net-zero-emissions-with-customer-first-strategy.html" data-id="1131">壳</a>，已经承诺减少对气候变化的影响，并在2050年达到碳排放。这些计划声音雄心勃勃，但它实际达到的是什么，更重要的是，它足以缓慢缓慢的气候变化？</p> <p>作为 <a href="//vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/matthew-potts" data-id="1131">环境政策</a> 和 <a href="//www.climatecollege.unimelb.edu.au/profiles/oliver-miltenberger" data-id="1131">经济学研究人员</a>，我们研究公司如何制定这些承诺。虽然承诺使新闻稿发布了巨大的新闻稿，但比它看起来更复杂和潜在的问题。</p> <h2>什么是“净零”排放？</h2> <p>达到净零排放的金标准 <a href="//ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard" data-id="1131">看起来像这样</a>：公司识别并报告所有负责创建的排放，它尽可能减少它们，然后 - 如果它仍然具有排放，则无法减少 - 它投资于防止其他地方排放或从空气中拉出碳的项目在纸上达到“净零”平衡。</p> <p>这个过程 <a href="//www.carbontrust.com/news-and-events/insights/net-zero-an-ambition-in-need-of-a-definition" data-id="1131">很复杂，仍然在很大程度上是不受管制的和不明的</a>。因此，公司对他们报告其排放的方式有很多自由裁量权。例如， <a href="//www.riotinto.com/en/sustainability/climate-change" data-id="1131">一家跨国矿业公司</a> 可能会计解压缩和处理矿石的排放，但不是通过运输它产生的排放。</p><div class="xFpu542G" data-id="1130"><hr style="border: 1px solid #ddd;"> <div id="Ad_HeaderLinks" data-id="1130"> <p style="font-size:10px; float:left; color:#666;" data-id="1134">免费报告：</p></div> <div id="paddingcell_ad" data-id="1130"> <p style="font-size:15px; float:left;" data-id="1134"><a href="//goo.gl/f3RrHX" data-id="1131"><img height="55" width="80" align="left" 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href="//www.iif.com/tsvcm" data-id="1131">工作队伍</a> 由联合国对气候行动的特使Mark Carney推出，涉及几家主要公司发布了一个 <a href="//www.iif.com/tsvcm/Main-Page/Publications/ID/4254/Taskforce-Establishes-Core-Carbon-Principles-Publishes-Roadmap-for-Scaling-Voluntary-Carbon-Markets" data-id="1131">清扫蓝图</a> 在达沃斯2021，预测自愿碳市场需要在未来十年中生长十五倍。它表明浪涌代表了我们促使敏锐兴趣的最大商业机会之一 <a href="//www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/blackrock-client-letter" data-id="1131">投资者</a> 和 <a href="//www.uschamber.com/series/above-the-fold/update-the-chambers-approach-climate" data-id="1131">大生意</a>。它还确定并提出了对自愿碳抵消市场的一些持续挑战和批评的解决方案。</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" id="WuLZd" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: none;" src="//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/WuLZd/8/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <p>蓝图的一些批评者争辩说 <a href="//carbonplan-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/Offset-Task-Force-Comment-Letter-01-05-2021.pdf" data-id="1131">忽视更深的问题</a> 植根于自愿碳市场作为解决方案的整体依赖和有效性。</p> <p>虽然有历史 <a href="//features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/" data-id="1131">滥用的证据</a> 和 <a href="//greenfinanceobservatory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Scaling-up-GFO-analysis-final4.pdf" data-id="1131">很多批评</a>在追求气候目标方面，自愿碳市场并不是糟糕或无用的。事实上，相反。一些自愿碳市场项目，此外 <a href="//www.edf.org/media/carbon-offsets-when-done-right-can-reduce-emissions-and-support-paris-agreement-edf-and-engie" data-id="1131">减轻气候变化</a>，提供 <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1724070" data-id="1131">其他福利</a>，例如改善生物多样性栖息地，水质，土壤健康和社会经济机会。</p> <p>然而，有关于自愿市场合法地提供他们承诺的能力的真正担忧。共同的问题包括 <a href="//news.berkeley.edu/2019/05/07/new-paper-states-cap-and-trade-program-is-falling-short-of-goals/" data-id="1131">关于项目持久性的问题</a> 为了储存碳长期，验证抵消实际上还会减少超出业务日常情况的排放，并确认信贷不止一次。这些和其他挑战使自愿碳市场揭示了潜在的操纵，热心，意外的后果，令人遗憾的是，未能达到目的。</p> <p><a href="http://voluntarycarbonmarket.org/" data-id="1131">它越来越好了</a>，但过度依赖这种对平衡排放方法的方法确实使用偏移作为某些实体 <a href="//www.nrdc.org/stories/should-you-buy-carbon-offsets" data-id="1131">对污染的权利</a>.</p> <h2>全球生态能否满足需求？</h2> <p>自愿碳市场可以改善景观，帮助弥补不可避免的排放。但是，他们无法容纳所有发达国家的目标。</p> <p>这些举措中的大多数尚未开始，但发达国家的发射者已经在境外寻求抵消。这是提高令人担忧的是，富裕的公司可能会使他们的排放负担到能够廉价的贫穷国家，乞求新发现气候殖民主义的概念。当地社区可能会受益于一些环境改善或社会经济机会，而是应该经济地发展污染者强迫该决定吗？</p> <p>超越道德，在统计术语中，根本没有足够的生态能力来抵消世界的排放。</p> <p>对使用森林作为抵消解决方案来利用兴趣。周围有 <a href="//dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14967" data-id="1131">3万亿棵树</a> 今天的地球上有空间 <a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848" data-id="1131">1至2.5万亿多</a>。这 <a href="//trilliontreesinitiative.com/" data-id="1131">万亿树倡议</a>, <a href="//www.1t.org/" data-id="1131">1T计划</a>, <a href="//trilliontrees.org/" data-id="1131">万亿棵树</a>，和首席执行官 <a href="//www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/reddit-yishan-wong-trees-b1803102.html" data-id="1131">reddit.</a>在其他方面，旨在种植万亿棵树。从几个例子来看，已经存在矛盾的僵局。</p> <p>偏移可以实际地为达到气候目标而设计。这就是为什么重点必须转向减少而不是抵消全球排放。自愿碳市场作为创新抵消解决方案的创新沙箱提供关键作用，他们正在动员私营部门来行动;但是，它们必须有限。</p> <p>虽然一些突出的组织正在追求净零，但大多数 <a href="//climateactiontracker.org/" data-id="1131">企业和政府</a> 尚未承诺，更不用说开发，清晰和合理的路线图，以符合2050年全球经济的目标。</p> <h2>必要的目标：负网</h2> <p><a href="//www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf" data-id="1131">政府间气候变化小组建议</a> 如果排放量为2030，而2010年水平相比，世界可以保持全球变暖，以便在2030年划分为2030，并通过MidCantury达到。然而，它还指出需要超越排放目标的温室气体。</p> <p>所有温室气体的净负排放都是气候清理的真正行为。只有这样，他们的大气浓度才会终于开始萎缩。这一壮举需要更加可再生能源，广泛的基础设施和运输发展，改善土地管理和碳捕获活动和技术的投资。</p> <p>虽然是解决气候变化的关键步骤，但必须巧妙地实现。而且，重要的是，它不能成为最终目标。</p> <p><em><strong>关于作者：</strong></em></p> <p><a href="//theconversation.com/profiles/oliver-miltenberger-797703" data-id="1131">Oliver Miltenberger.</a>，博士。环境经济学中的候选人， <em><a href="//theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722" data-id="1131">墨尔本大学</a></em> 和 <a href="//theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-d-potts-1215756" data-id="1131">马修D. 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